Robust Estimation of Upscaling Factor on Double JPEG Compressed Images

Document Type

Article

Publication Date

10-1-2022

Abstract

As one of the most important topics in image forensics, resampling detection has developed rapidly in recent years. However, the robustness to JPEG compression is still challenging for most classical spectrum-based methods, since JPEG compression severely degrades the image contents and introduces block artifacts in the boundary of the compression grid. In this article, we propose a method to estimate the upscaling factors on double JPEG compressed images in the presence of image upscaling between the two compressions. We first analyze the spectrum of scaled images and give an overall formulation of how the scaling factors along with the parameters of JPEG compression and image contents influence the appearance of tampering artifacts. The expected positions of five kinds of characteristic peaks are analytically derived. Then, we analyze the features of double JPEG compressed images in the block discrete cosine transform (BDCT) domain and present an inverse scaling strategy for the upscaling factor estimation with a detailed proof. Finally, a fusion method is proposed that through frequency-domain analysis, a candidate set of upscaling factors is given, and through analysis in the BDCT domain, the optimal estimation from all candidates is determined. The experimental results demonstrate that the proposed method outperforms other state-of-the-art methods.

Identifier

85104623136 (Scopus)

Publication Title

IEEE Transactions on Cybernetics

External Full Text Location

https://doi.org/10.1109/TCYB.2021.3069999

e-ISSN

21682275

ISSN

21682267

PubMed ID

33878009

First Page

10814

Last Page

10826

Issue

10

Volume

52

Grant

201804020068

Fund Ref

National Natural Science Foundation of China

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